Dec 07, · Attempts to sum up Russell’s life have been numerous. One of the more famous comes from the Oxford philosopher A.J. blogger.com Ayer writes, “The popular conception of a philosopher as one who combines universal learning with the direction of human conduct was more nearly satisfied by Bertrand Russell than by any other philosopher of our time” (a, ) Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3. hrabia Russell (ur maja w Ravenscroft, Walia, zm. 2 lutego w Penrhyndeudraeth, Walia) – brytyjski filozof, logik, matematyk, działacz społeczny i blogger.comjował w roku kampanię pokojową Pugwash.. Jest uważany za twórcę filozofii analitycznej razem ze swoim poprzednikiem Gottlobem Frege, współpracownikiem G.E. Moore’em Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3 e comte Russell, né le 18 mai à Trellech (Monmouthshire, pays de Galles), et mort le 2 février près de Penrhyndeudraeth, au pays de Galles, est un mathématicien, logicien, philosophe, épistémologue, homme politique et moraliste britannique. Russell est considéré comme l'un des philosophes les plus importants du XX e siècle
Bertrand Russell (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Bertrand Arthur William Russell — was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. Together with G. MooreRussell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy. His famous paradoxtheory of types and work with A. Whitehead on Principia Mathematica invigorated the study of logic throughout the twentieth century Schilppxiii; Wilczek In the public mind, he was famous as much for his evangelical atheism as for his contributions to technical philosophy.
Generations of general readers have also benefited from his popular writings on a wide variety of topics in both the humanities and the natural sciences. Like Voltaireto whom he has been compared Times of London12he wrote with style and wit and had enormous influence, bertrand russell unpopular essays. After a life marked by controversy — including dismissals from both Trinity College, Cambridge, and City College, New York — Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in and the Nobel Prize for Literature in Noted also for his many spirited anti-nuclear protests and for his campaign against western involvement in the Vietnam War, Russell remained a prominent public figure until his death at the age of Bertrand russell unpopular essays readers may listen to two sound clips of Russell speaking.
One of the more famous comes from the Oxford philosopher A. Another telling comment comes from the Harvard philosopher W. He wrote a spectrum of books for a graduated public, layman to specialist. As Russell tells us. Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.
These passions, bertrand russell unpopular essays, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy — ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.
I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness — that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.
This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what — at last — I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine.
And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth.
Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.
I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
By any standard, Russell led an enormously full life. In addition to his ground-breaking intellectual work in logic and analytic philosophy, he involved himself for much of his life in politics. As early as he spoke out frequently in favour of internationalism and in he ran unsuccessfully for Parliament. Although he stood as an independent, he endorsed the full Liberal platform.
He also advocated extending the franchise to women, provided that such a radical political change could be introduced through constitutionally recognized means Wood Three years later he published his Anti-Suffragist Anxieties With the outbreak of World War I, Russell became involved in anti-war activities and in he was fined pounds for authoring an anti-war pamphlet.
Because of his conviction, he was dismissed from his post at Trinity College, Cambridge Hardy Two years later, bertrand russell unpopular essays, he was convicted a second time, this time for suggesting that American troops might be used to intimidate strikers in Britain Clark— The result was five months in Brixton Prison as prisoner No.
In bertrand russell unpopular essays Russell ran twice more for Parliament, again unsuccessfully, and together with his second wife, Dora, he founded an experimental school that they operated during the late s and early s Russell and Bertrand russell unpopular essays While teaching at UCLA in the United States in the late s, he was offered a teaching appointment at City College, bertrand russell unpopular essays, New York.
The appointment was revoked following a series of protests and a judicial decision which found bertrand russell unpopular essays morally unfit to teach at the College Dewey and KallenIrvineWeidlich A year later, together with Albert Einstein, he released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto calling for the curtailment of nuclear weapons. Inbertrand russell unpopular essays, he became a prime organizer of the first Pugwash Conference, which brought bertrand russell unpopular essays a large number of scientists bertrand russell unpopular essays about the nuclear issue, bertrand russell unpopular essays.
He became founding president of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in and Honorary President of the Committee of in InRussell was once again imprisoned, this time for a week in connection with anti-nuclear protests.
Beginning inhe began work on a variety of additional issues, including lobbying on behalf of political prisoners under the auspices of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. Upon being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature inRussell used his acceptance speech once again to emphasize themes relating bertrand russell unpopular essays his social activism.
Over the years, Russell has served as the subject of numerous creative works, including T. For a complete, descriptive bibliography, see A Bibliography of Bertrand Russell 3 volumes,by Kenneth Blackwell and Harry Ruja. A less detailed list appears in Paul Arthur Schilpp, bertrand russell unpopular essays, The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell For a detailed bibliography of the secondary literature surrounding Russell up to the close of the twentieth century, see Andrew Irvine, bertrand russell unpopular essays, Bertrand Russell: Critical AssessmentsVolume 1 For a list of new and forthcoming books relating to Russell, see the Forthcoming Books page at the Bertrand Russell Archives.
Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name inwhile working on his Principles of Mathematics The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves.
Such a set, if it exists, bertrand russell unpopular essays, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. In his draft of the Principles of MathematicsRussell summarizes the problem as follows:.
The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. It was clear to Bertrand russell unpopular essays that some form of restriction needed to be placed on the original comprehension or abstraction axiom of naïve set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition or property may be used to determine a set. Both versions of the theory bertrand russell unpopular essays under attack: the simple theory for being too weak, the ramified theory for being too strong.
For some, it was important that any proposed solution be comprehensive enough to resolve all known paradoxes at once. For others, it was important that any proposed solution not disallow those parts of classical mathematics that remained consistent, bertrand russell unpopular essays, even though they appeared to violate the vicious circle principle.
For discussion of related paradoxes, see Chapter 2 bertrand russell unpopular essays the Introduction to Whitehead and Russellas well as the entry on paradoxes and contemporary logic in this encyclopedia. Russell himself had recognized several of these same concerns as early asnoting that it was unlikely that any single solution would resolve all the known paradoxes. Even so, critics claimed that the axiom was simply too ad hoc to be justified philosophically.
For additional discussion bertrand russell unpopular essays LinskyLinsky and Wahl The first was that all mathematical truths can be translated into logical truths or, in other words, that the vocabulary of mathematics constitutes a proper subset of the vocabulary of logic. The second was that all mathematical proofs can be recast as logical proofs or, in other words, that the theorems of mathematics constitute a proper subset of the theorems of logic.
Thus the number 1 is to be identified with the class of all unit classes, the number 2 with the class of all two-membered classes, and so on. In Principia Mathematicabertrand russell unpopular essays, Whitehead and Russell were able to provide many detailed derivations of major theorems in set theory, finite and transfinite arithmetic, and elementary measure theory.
They were also able to develop a sophisticated theory of logical relations and a unique method of founding the real numbers. Even so, the issue of whether set theory itself can be said to have been successfully reduced to logic remained controversial. A fourth volume on geometry was planned but never completed. In much the same way that Russell used logic in an attempt to clarify issues in the foundations of mathematics, he also used logic in an attempt to clarify issues in philosophy.
As one of the founders of analytic philosophy, Russell made significant contributions to a wide variety of areas, including metaphysicsepistemology, ethics and political theory. His advances in logic and metaphysics also had significant influence on Rudolf Carnap and the Vienna Circle. Famously, he vacillated on whether negative facts are also required The reason Russell believes many ordinarily accepted statements are open to doubt is that they appear to refer to entities that may be known only through inference.
Motivating this question was the traditional problem of the external world. If our knowledge of the external world comes through inferences to the best explanation, and if such inferences are always fallible, what guarantee do we have that our beliefs are true? Together these atoms and their properties form the facts which, in turn, combine to form logically complex objects.
What we normally take to be inferred entities for example, enduring physical objects are then understood as logical constructions formed from the immediately given entities of sensation, viz. On the epistemological side, Russell argues that it is also important to show how each questionable entity may be reduced to, or defined in terms of, another entity or entities whose existence is more certain, bertrand russell unpopular essays.
For example, on this view, bertrand russell unpopular essays, an ordinary physical object that normally might be thought to be known only through inference may be defined instead.
Similarly, numbers may be reduced to collections of classes; points and instants may be reduced to ordered classes of volumes and events; and classes themselves may be reduced to bertrand russell unpopular essays functions.
Anything that resists construction in this sense may be said to be an ontological atom. Such objects are atomic, both in the sense that they fail to be composed of individual, substantial parts, and in the bertrand russell unpopular essays that they exist independently of one another.
Their corresponding propositions are also atomic, both in the sense that they contain no other propositions as parts, bertrand russell unpopular essays, and in the sense that the members of any pair of true atomic propositions will be logically independent of one another.
Russell believes that formal logic, if carefully developed, will mirror precisely, not only the various relations between all such propositions, but their various internal structures as well. It is in this context that Russell also introduces his famous distinction between two kinds of knowledge of truths: that which is direct, intuitive, certain and infallible, and that which is indirect, derivative, bertrand russell unpopular essays, uncertain and open to error41f;, and b. To be justified, every indirect knowledge claim must be capable of being derived from more fundamental, direct or intuitive knowledge claims.
The kinds of truths that are capable of being known directly include truths about immediate facts of sensation and truths of logic. Eventually, Russell supplemented this distinction between direct and indirect knowledge of truths with his bertrand russell unpopular essays famous distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description, bertrand russell unpopular essays. when I am directly aware of the object itself.
Later, he clarifies this point by adding that acquaintance involves, not knowledge of truths, but knowledge of things a,
Bertrand Russell- Unpopular Essays- Rhetorical Question- How to Write an Essay Introduction
, time: 5:32Bertrand Russell – Wikipedia
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3 e comte Russell, né le 18 mai à Trellech (Monmouthshire, pays de Galles), et mort le 2 février près de Penrhyndeudraeth, au pays de Galles, est un mathématicien, logicien, philosophe, épistémologue, homme politique et moraliste britannique. Russell est considéré comme l'un des philosophes les plus importants du XX e siècle Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers. Bertrand Russell, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, Bertrand Russell's Ethics. by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, A clear and accessible Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May – 2 February ) was a British blogger.com an academic, he worked in philosophy, mathematics, and blogger.com work has had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, and various areas of analytic philosophy, especially philosophy of
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